Methylene Blue: An Overview of Claims, Uses, and Risks
Methylene blue, a synthetic dye first developed in the 1870s, is currently gaining attention among individuals interested in health optimization. Its use has expanded beyond its established medical applications, with various wellness-related claims circulating online.
Historical and Approved Medical Uses
Historically, methylene blue has served as a textile dye and was prescribed for malaria treatment and as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved methylene blue as a medication for methemoglobinemia, a rare blood disorder.
Reported Wellness Claims
Online discussions suggest methylene blue may offer benefits such as improved mitochondrial function, which some propose could lead to anti-aging effects, enhanced mood, and sharper cognition. Claims also include alleviation of jet lag. A public figure was observed in a video mixing a cobalt blue liquid into water with an eyedropper, a method resembling the application of certain methylene blue products sold online. The individual did not confirm the substance being consumed.
Scientific Research Findings
Lorne Hofseth, a researcher at the University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, indicates that laboratory studies and animal trials have demonstrated methylene blue's capacity to enhance cellular energy production. This occurs by facilitating electron movement within mitochondria when normal pathways are compromised. Research in rodents and worms also suggests methylene blue can improve brain energy utilization, reduce inflammation, and offer protection against neurological damage.
In human studies, several smaller trials have explored antidepressant and cognitive benefits from pure methylene blue in specific populations. These findings are considered preliminary.
Potential Risks and Regulatory Considerations
Experts, including Hofseth and Nicole Brandt from the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, advise against using methylene blue as an unapproved supplement due to potential risks. These risks include serotonin toxicity, a severe drug reaction, particularly for individuals taking certain antidepressants (e.g., Zoloft, Lexapro). Methylene blue may also pose dangers to individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, a genetic red blood cell disorder.
Another concern pertains to the content and purity of methylene blue products sold over-the-counter. Dietary supplements are not subject to FDA approval for safety and efficacy prior to market entry, though they must adhere to labeling regulations and may undergo inspections. The FDA monitors safety concerns once products are available.
Methylene blue is listed in an FDA database as a generic prescription drug. Many over-the-counter methylene blue products are not found in federal registries for dietary supplement labels. The FDA has not provided comment on the sale of non-prescription methylene blue by online retailers.
Expert Recommendations
Prior to considering methylene blue use, consulting a clinician is recommended to assess potential risks and adverse effects. A primary care provider can also address health concerns such as brain fog or fatigue, for which methylene blue might be considered. Use of the product may result in temporary blue discoloration of teeth, tongue, and urine.