A comprehensive overview of recent research in black hole physics and gravitational wave astronomy is presented, covering observational, theoretical, and methodological advances.
Black Hole Ringdowns and Spectroscopy
Probing direct waves in black hole ringdowns (Oshita et al., 2025).
GW250114: testing Hawking’s area law and the Kerr nature of black holes (Abac et al., 2025).
Black hole spectroscopy: from theory to experiment (Berti et al., 2026).
Black-hole spectroscopy: testing general relativity through gravitational-wave observations (Dreyer et al., 2004).
Analyzing black-hole ringdowns (Isi & Farr, 2021).
Observational black hole spectroscopy: a time-domain multimode analysis of GW150914 (Carullo et al., 2019).
Gravitational-Wave Detectors and Catalogs
Advanced LIGO (Aasi et al., 2015).
Advanced Virgo (Acernese et al., 2014).
Overview of KAGRA (Akutsu et al., 2020).
GWTC-4.0: updating the gravitational-wave transient catalog (LIGO et al., 2025).
GWTC-4.0: methods for identifying and characterizing gravitational-wave transients (LIGO et al., 2026).
GW250114 data release (LIGO et al., 2025).
Black Hole Properties and Uniqueness
First M87 Event Horizon Telescope results. I. The shadow of the supermassive black hole (Akiyama et al., 2019).
Measuring black hole spin using X-ray reflection spectroscopy (Reynolds, 2014).
Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes (Blandford & Znajek, 1977).
The four laws of black hole mechanics (Bardeen et al., 1973).
Axisymmetric black hole has only two degrees of freedom (Carter, 1971).
Uniqueness of the Kerr black hole (Robinson, 1975).
Stationary black holes: uniqueness and beyond (Chrusciel et al., 2012).
Perturbations, Quasinormal Modes, and Waveforms
Perturbations of a rotating black hole (Teukolsky, 1973).
Quasinormal-mode spectrum of Kerr black holes (Yang et al., 2012).
An analytic representation for the quasi-normal modes of Kerr black holes (Leaver & Chandrasekhar, 1985).
Quasinormal modes of black holes and black branes (Berti et al., 2009).
Is the gravitational-wave ringdown a probe of the event horizon? (Cardoso et al., 2016).
Gravitational radiation from plunging orbits (Mino & Brink, 2008).
New generic ringdown frequencies at the birth of a Kerr black hole (Zimmerman & Chen, 2011).
Dynamical quasinormal mode excitation (De Amicis et al., 2026).
Green function of the Pöschl–Teller potential (Kuntz, 2026).
Beyond quasinormal modes: a complete mode decomposition of black hole perturbations (Arnaudo et al., 2025).
Hybrid method for understanding black-hole mergers (Nichols & Chen, 2012).
Effective one-body approach to general relativistic two-body dynamics (Buonanno & Damour, 1999).
Gravitational waveforms for compact binaries from second-order self-force theory (Wardell et al., 2023).
Inspiral–merger–ringdown waveforms of spinning, precessing black-hole binaries (Pan et al., 2014).
Post-Newtonian theory for gravitational waves (Blanchet, 2014).
Echoes, Nonlinearities, and Late-Time Tails
Gravitational-wave echoes from spinning exotic compact objects (Xin et al., 2021).
Gravitational-wave echoes from numerical-relativity waveforms (Ma et al., 2022).
Nonlinearities in black hole ringdowns (Mitman et al., 2023).
Nonlinear effects in black hole ringdown (Ho-Yeuk et al., 2023).
Quadratic mode couplings in rotating black holes (Khera et al., 2025).
Excitation of quadratic quasinormal modes for Kerr black holes (Ma & Yang, 2024).
Quadratic quasinormal modes of a Schwarzschild black hole (Bucciotti et al., 2024).
Quadratic quasinormal mode dependence on linear mode parity (Bourg et al., 2025).
Emergent turbulence in nonlinear gravity (Ma et al., 2026).
Quadratic quasinormal modes at null infinity on a Schwarzschild spacetime (Bourg et al., 2025).
Spin dependence of black hole ringdown nonlinearities (Redondo-Yuste et al., 2024).
Amplitudes and polarizations of quadratic quasi-normal modes for a Schwarzschild black hole (Bucciotti et al., 2024).
Nonlinear ringdown at the black hole horizon (Khera et al., 2023).
Black hole spectroscopy with nonlinear quasinormal modes (Lagos et al., 2025).
Late-time tails in nonlinear evolutions of merging black holes (De Amicis et al., 2025).
Phenomenology and origin of late-time tails in eccentric binary black hole mergers (Islam et al., 2025).
Inspiral-inherited ringdown tails (De Amicis et al., 2024).
Hushing black holes: tails in dynamical spacetimes (Cardoso et al., 2024).
Analysis Methods and Specific Events
Black-hole spectroscopy, the no-hair theorem, and GW150914 (Bustillo et al., 2021).
Constraints on quasinormal-mode frequencies with LIGO-Virgo binary–black-hole observations (Ghosh et al., 2021).
Searching for a ringdown overtone in GW150914 (Finch & Moore, 2022).
Gating-and-inpainting perspective on GW150914 ringdown overtone (Wang et al., 2023).
Low evidence for ringdown overtone in GW150914 (Correia et al., 2024).
Multimode quasinormal spectrum from a perturbed black hole (Capano et al., 2023).
Ringdown of GW190521 (Siegel et al., 2023).
Black-hole ringdown analysis with inspiral-merger informed templates (Chandra & Calderón Bustillo, 2025).
Detection of a higher harmonic quasi-normal mode in the ringdown signal of GW231123 (Wang et al., 2025).
Decisive evidence for the first overtone mode in the ringdown signal of GW231028 (Wang, 2025).
Black hole spectroscopy and tests of general relativity with GW250114 (Abac et al., 2026).
Overtones and nonlinearities in binary black hole ringdowns (Giesler et al., 2025).
Angular emission patterns of remnant black holes (Li et al., 2022).
Quasinormal-mode filters (Ma et al., 2022).
Black hole spectroscopy by mode cleaning (Ma et al., 2023).
Using rational filters to uncover the first ringdown overtone in GW150914 (Ma et al., 2023).
Statistical identification of ringdown modes with rational filters (Lu et al., 2025).
Numerical and Theoretical Foundations
Surrogate models for precessing binary black hole simulations (Varma et al., 2019).
Merging black holes with Cauchy-characteristic matching (Ma et al., 2025).
Einstein–Klein–Gordon system via Cauchy-characteristic evolution (Ma et al., 2025).
The impact of initial conditions on quasi-normal modes (Chavda et al., 2025).
Revisiting the emission from an extreme mass ratio plunge (Zimmerman et al., 2018).
Gravity: Newtonian, Post-Newtonian, Relativistic (Poisson & Will, 2014).
The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra (Welch, 1967).
Analyzing black-hole ringdowns. II. Data conditioning (Siegel et al., 2025).