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Studies Examine PFAS Levels in Firefighter Gear and Blood Serum

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PFAS in Firefighting: New Research on Gear Degradation and Firefighter Exposure

Two recent studies shed light on the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in firefighting, examining how gear composition changes with wear and tear, and what factors contribute to elevated PFAS levels in firefighters' blood.

"Making those measurements is a crucial starting point for understanding and addressing the problem." — Rick Davis, Project Leader, NIST

Part 1: How PFAS Levels Change in Gear After Wear and Tear

Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) conducted a congressionally mandated study, required by the 2021 National Defense Authorization Act, to measure how PFAS concentrations in firefighter equipment change after simulated use.

Methodology

The NIST team tested three types of equipment:

  • Wildland gear (coat, shirt, pants)
  • Structural hoods
  • Structural gloves

Each item was subjected to three types of simulated stress:

  • Abrasion: 20,000 rubs with a wool pad
  • Heat exposure: 260°C for 5 minutes
  • Weathering: UV light and moisture exposure

PFAS concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, targeting 56 specific PFAS compounds.

Key Findings

  • Structural hoods and gloves: PFAS levels increased after abrasion and heat exposure.
  • Wildland gear: PFAS levels decreased after abrasion and weathering.
  • The observed changes may reflect the release or chemical transformation of PFAS compounds.

Future Research

Lead author Andre Thompson emphasized that "accurate and reliable measurements will continue to be important as the industry changes."

NIST plans to expand future studies to measure other chemicals, such as fluorine and bromine. This study provides a critical baseline for comparing new PFAS-free gear entering the market.

Part 2: Factors Linked to PFAS Levels in Firefighters' Blood

A separate study published in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine identified occupational and demographic factors associated with elevated serum PFAS levels among U.S. career firefighters. The research was conducted by the University of Arizona and Arizona State University, using data from the Fire Fighter Cancer Cohort Study.

The PFAS Problem

PFAS are synthetic chemicals valued for their water-, grease-, and stain-resistant properties. They are highly persistent in both the environment and the human body. Previous research has linked PFAS to immune dysfunction, certain cancers, and endocrine disruption. Firefighters consistently show higher serum PFAS levels than the general population.

What the Study Found

The study revealed that fireground practices and departmental protocols significantly influence PFAS levels. Specifically:

  • Routines for handling contaminated equipment were linked to higher blood serum concentrations.
  • Personal protective gear storage practices played a role.
  • Demographic and lifestyle factors also predicted PFAS levels, including years of service, rank or role, and personal behaviors.

The findings suggest both workplace and personal factors contribute to overall chemical exposure.

Recommendations for Reducing Exposure

Lead author Reagan Conner stated that identifying these predictors allows departments to implement policies and practices to mitigate exposure risks. Suggested modifications include:

  • Changes in decontamination procedures
  • Improved gear storage practices
  • Updated routine operational policies

Collaboration and Impact

Co-lead Melissa Furlong confirmed that results have been shared with participating firefighters and fire service partners. Co-author Captain Orion Godfrey of the Goodyear Fire Department noted the study's potential to directly improve firefighter safety.

The research received partial funding from the Arizona Board of Regents and the Federal Emergency Management Agency for the Fire Fighter Cancer Cohort Study.